Process for forming an insulated container having artwork

ABSTRACT

A container is formed to include and interior region and a mouth opening into the interior region. The container includes a floor, a side wall coupled to the floor to define the interior region between the floor and the side wall, and artwork on the side wall.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/526,444, filed Jun. 18, 2012, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/498,415, filed Jun.17, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,637, filed Mar.30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/498,435, filed Jun.17, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,632, filed Mar.30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/498,455, filed Jun.17, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,587, filed Mar.30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/600,388, filed Feb.17, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,614, filed Mar.30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,620, filed Mar.30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/529,632, filed Aug.31, 2011; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/618,604, filedMar. 30, 2012, each of which is expressly incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to containers, and in particular toinsulated containers, such as cups, for containing hot or cold beveragesor food. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to aninsulated container having artwork.

SUMMARY

A vessel in accordance with the present disclosure is configured to holda product in an interior region. In illustrative embodiments, the vesselis an insulated container such as a drink cup, a food-storage cup, or adessert cup.

In illustrative embodiments, a process for forming an insulative cupincludes the steps of providing a strip of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material, providing a film, printing graphics onthe film to provide a printed film, laminating the printed film to thestrip to form a sheet, and converting the sheet into an insulative cup.The insulative cup is formed to include an interior region and theinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material is located betweenthe printed film and the interior region of the insulative cup.

In illustrative embodiments, an insulative cup includes a body having asleeve-shaped side wall and a floor coupled to the body to cooperatewith the side wall to define the interior region for storing food,liquid, or any suitable product. The body also includes a rolled brimcoupled to an upper end of the side wall and a floor mount coupled to alower end of the side wall and to the floor.

In illustrative embodiments, the body is made of a multi-layer sheetincluding a strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric materialand a skin coupled to the substrate layer and configured to displayartwork and text. In illustrative embodiments, the floor also comprisesinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material.

In illustrative embodiments, the skin is coupled to an exterior surfaceof the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material. The skinincludes a film, an adhesive interposed between the film and theexterior surface of the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial, and an ink printed on the film to provide a graphic designincluding artwork, text, or both. The film is biaxially orientedpolypropylene in illustrative embodiments.

The insulative cellular non-aromatic polymer material included in thebody is configured in accordance with the present disclosure to providemeans for enabling localized plastic deformation in at least oneselected region of the body (e.g., the side wall, the rolled brim, thefloor mount, and a floor-retaining flange included in the floor mount)to provide (1) a plastically deformed first material segment having afirst density in a first portion of the selected region of the body and(2) a second material segment having a relatively lower second densityin an adjacent second portion of the selected region of the body. Inillustrative embodiments, the denser first material segment is thinnerthan the second material segment.

In illustrative embodiments, the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material comprises a polypropylene base resin having a highmelt strength, a polypropylene copolymer or a homopolymer resin (orboth), and cell-forming agents including primary and secondarynucleating agents and a blowing agent such as carbon dioxide gas that isinjected into the resins to expand the resins and reduce density. Thebase resin comprises broadly distributed molecular weight polypropylenecharacterized by a distribution that is unimodal (not bimodal).

Additional features of the present disclosure will become apparent tothose skilled in the art upon consideration of illustrative embodimentsexemplifying the best mode of carrying out the disclosure as presentlyperceived.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description particularly refers to the accompanying figuresin which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic and perspective view of a cup-manufacturingprocess in accordance with the present disclosure showing that thecup-manufacturing process includes the stages of providing a strip ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material, providing a filmlayer, printing on the film layer to form a skin, laminating the skin tothe strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material to forma sheet shown, for example, in FIG. 9, and forming an insulative cupshown, for example, in FIG. 11, from the sheet;

FIGS. 2-8 illustrative various processes in accordance with the presentdisclosure for forming an insulative cup made of a multi-layer sheetcomprising a skin including artwork laminated onto a strip of insulativecellular non-aromatic material;

FIG. 2 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of the cup-forming stageof the cup-manufacturing process of FIG. 1 showing that the cup-formingstage includes the steps of providing a laminated roll of the sheet,forming an insulative cup as suggested in detail in FIGS. 3-5, andpackaging stacks of insulative cups as suggested in detail in FIG. 6 andshowing that forming an insulative cup includes the steps of forming abody blank as suggested in detail in FIG. 3, annealing the body blank,forming a cup base as suggested in detail in FIG. 4, and forming arolled brim as suggested in detail in FIG. 5;

FIG. 3 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of the body blank formingstep showing that the body blank forming step includes the steps ofloading the laminated roll to provide the sheet, annealing the sheet,compressing the sheet to form a compressed sheet, cutting the compressedsheet to form body blanks and scrap, collecting scrap, and accumulatingthe body blanks to form body blank stacks;

FIG. 4 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of the cup-base formingstep showing that the cup-base forming step includes the steps ofloading body blank stacks, heating the body blank, wrapping the bodyblank around a mandrel, forming a body, loading another laminated rollto provide the laminated sheet, cutting the laminated sheet to providefloor blanks and scrap, shaping the floor blanks into a floor, heatingthe floor, heating the body, wrapping the body around the floor, andcoupling the floor to the base to establish a cup body;

FIG. 5 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of the brim-forming stepshowing that the brim-forming step includes the steps of transferringthe cup base to a brim-forming machine, optionally lubricating the topportion of the base, heating the top portion of the base, and curlingthe top portion of the base to form an insulative cup having a rolledbrim;

FIG. 6 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of the cup-packaging stepshowing that the cup-packaging step includes the steps of inspecting theinsulative cup for leaks, accumulating the good cups to form stacks ofinsulative cups, and packaging the stacks of insulative cups for storageand transportation;

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic and perspective view of a first embodiment of astrip-forming stage in accordance with the present disclosure showing,from left to right, placing a formulation of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material being placed into a hopper that is fedinto a first extrusion zone of a first extruder where heat and pressureare applied to form molten resin and showing that a blowing agent isinjected into the molten resin to form an extrusion resin mixture thatis fed into a second extrusion zone of a second extruder where theextrusion resin mixture exits and expands to form an extrudate which isslit to form a strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial;

FIG. 8 is a perspective and diagrammatic view of another embodiment of astrip-forming stage in accordance with the present disclosure showingthe extruding stage in which two strips of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material are formed using a tandem extrusionsetup;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view of a first embodiment of a sheet inaccordance with the present disclosure made using the process shown inFIGS. 1-7 showing that the sheet includes, from top to bottom, a skinincluding a film layer, an ink layer, and an adhesive layer, and thestrip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material;

FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 9 showing another embodiment of asheet in accordance with the present disclosure wherein the sheetincludes, from top to bottom, an outer skin including a film layer, anink layer, and an adhesive layer, a strip of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material, and an inner skin including a film, anink layer, and an adhesive layer;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an insulative cup made from a strip ofmaterial including the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial made using the cup-manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 1-6showing that the insulative cup includes a body and a floor and showingthat four regions of the body have been broken away to reveal localizedareas of plastic deformation that provide for increased density in thoseareas while maintaining a predetermined insulative characteristic in thebody;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of a side wallincluded in the body of the insulative cup of FIG. 11 showing that theside wall is made from the sheet that includes, from left to right, theskin including the film layer, the ink layer, and the adhesive layer,and the strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material;

FIG. 13 is an exploded assembly view of the insulative cup of FIG. 11showing that the insulative cup includes, from top to bottom, the floorand the body including a rolled brim, the side wall, and a floor mountconfigured to interconnect the floor and the side wall as shown in FIG.11;

FIG. 14 is a sectional view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 1 showingthat the side wall included in the body of the insulative cup includes agenerally uniform thickness and that the floor is coupled to the floormount included in the body;

FIGS. 15-18 are a series views showing first, second, third, and fourthregions of the insulative cup of FIG. 11 and that each include localizedplastic deformation;

FIG. 15 is a partial section view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 11showing the first region is in the side wall of the body;

FIG. 16 is a partial section view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 11showing the second region is in the rolled brim of the body;

FIG. 17 is a partial section view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 11showing the third region is in a connecting web included in the floormount of the body;

FIG. 18 is a partial section view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 11showing the fourth region is in a web-support ring included in the floormount of the body; and

FIG. 19 is a graph showing performance over time of insulative cups inaccordance with the present disclosure undergoing temperature testing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A cup-manufacturing process 40 comprising a process for forming aninsulative cup 10 having artwork on a skin 81 laminated onto a substrate82 in accordance with the present disclosure is shown, for example, inFIGS. 1-6. An insulative cup 10 in accordance with the presentdisclosure is shown, for example, in FIGS. 11-18. Insulative cup 10 ismade from a multi-layer sheet 80 formed during cup-manufacturing process40 as suggested in FIGS. 11-18. As an example, multi-layer sheet 80includes a skin 81 and a strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material as shown in FIG. 9. Another embodiment of amulti-layer sheet 180 in accordance with the present disclosure is shownin FIG. 10. Two embodiments of a strip-formation stage are shown, forexample, in FIGS. 7 and 8.

Cup-manufacturing process 40 includes a strip-forming stage 41, afilm-layer forming stage 42, a film-layer printing stage 43, alaminating stage 44, and a cup-forming stage 45 as shown, for example,in FIG. 1. Strip-forming stage 41 forms and provides a strip 82 ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material as suggested inFIGS. 7 and 8. Film-layer forming stage 42 forms and provides a filmlayer 54. Film-layer printing stage 43 prints graphics and text 66 onfilm layer 54 to provide a printed film 70 as shown in FIG. 1.Laminating stage 44 laminates printed film 70 to strip 82 of insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material to form a multi-layer sheet 80.Cup-forming stage 45, also called a converting step, forms insulativecup 10 from sheet 80 as shown for example in FIGS. 2-6.

Insulative cup 10 includes, for example, a body 11 having asleeve-shaped side wall 18 and a floor 20 as shown in FIGS. 11-18. Floor20 is coupled to body 11 and cooperates with side wall 18 to form aninterior region 14 therebetween for storing food, liquid, or anysuitable product. Body 11 also includes a rolled brim 16 coupled to anupper end of side wall 18 and a floor mount 17 coupled to a lower end ofside wall 18 and to floor 20 as shown in FIG. 14.

Insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material is configured inaccordance with the present disclosure to provide means for enablinglocalized plastic deformation in at least one selected region of body 11(e.g., side wall 18, rolled brim 16, floor mount 17, and afloor-retaining flange 26 included in floor mount 17) to provide (1) aplastically deformed first material segment having a first density in afirst portion of the selected region of body 11 and (2) a secondmaterial segment having a relatively lower second density in an adjacentsecond portion of the selected region of body 11 as suggested, forexample, in FIGS. 11 and 15-18. In illustrative embodiments, the firstmaterial segment is thinner than the second material segment.

Insulative cup 10 is made of a multi-layer sheet 80 as suggested inFIG. 1. Sheet 80 comprises a strip 82 of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material laminated with a skin having film layer54 and ink layer 66 printed on film layer 54 to provide a cup havinghigh-quality graphics as suggested, for example, in FIG. 1.

Film layer 54 is formed and provided by film-layer forming stage 42 asshown in FIG. 1. Film layer 54 is then printed with an ink layer 66during film-layer printing stage 43. As an example, ink layer 66includes graphics and the graphics are shown on insulative cup 10 as apair of triangles in FIG. 13. However, graphics may be another othersuitable graphic such as, but not limited to, symbols, text,photographs, images, combinations thereof, and the like, and may be inblack and white or in color.

Film-layer printing stage 43 uses a printer 64 to print ink layer 66 onfilm layer 54 to provide printed film 70 as shown in FIG. 1. Printingmay be done using conventional flexography, which is a form of printingthat uses flexible rubber relief plates and highly volatile, fast-dryinginks to print on a variety of substrates, including films of the typeused as film layer 54. In particular, printing may be done using anin-line, central impression flexographic printing station.Alternatively, printing processes such as rotogravure may be used.

Central impression presses use a large-diameter common impressioncylinder to carry the web around to each color station. The advantage ofsuch a press is the ease of maintaining proper registration. The use oflarger impression cylinders (i.e., up to 83 inches in diameter) has, inthe past, led to an increase in press speed, but as drying methods haveimproved there is no longer a strict correlation between largerimpression cylinders and increased speed. In-line presses are a type ofmulti-color press in which separate color stations are mounted in ahorizontal line from front to back. They can handle a wider variety ofweb widths than can stack presses, and can also make use of turning barsto flip the web over, allowing easy reverse printing.

Two examples of the type of in-line, central impression flexographicprinting stations which may be used in film-layer printing stage 43 arethe XD and XG series of presses available from the Flexotecnica divisionof North American Cerutti Corporation in Milwaukee, Wis. Standard presswidths are available from 32-60 inches (800-1525 mm) wide. Standardrepeats are available at 30 (760), 33 (840) and 43(1100) inches (mm).Extra large or Mega model of presses are available up to 83 inches (2100mm) wide with 75 inch (1900 mm) repeats. Line speeds are available up to1600 fpm (500 mpm), and they may be equipped with in-line vision forregistration. They may include up to ten color stations.

The highly volatile, fast-drying inks which may be used in the printingof graphics are radiation-curing inks that dry or set with theapplication of ultraviolet light. ultraviolet curing ink vehicles aretypically composed of fluid oligomers (i.e., small polymers), monomers(i.e., light-weight molecules that bind together to form polymers), andinitiators that, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, release freeradicals (i.e., extremely reactive atoms or molecules that candestabilize other atoms or molecules and start rapid chain reactions)that cause the polymerization of the vehicle, which hardens to a dry inkfilm containing the pigment.

The most common configuration of ultraviolet curing equipment is amercury vapor lamp. Within a quartz glass tube containing chargedmercury, energy is added, and the mercury is vaporized and ionized. As aresult of the vaporization and ionization, the high-energy free-for-allof mercury atoms, ions, and free electrons results in excited states ofmany of the mercury atoms and ions. As they settle back down to theirground state, radiation is emitted. By controlling the pressure thatexists in the lamp, the wavelength of the radiation that is emitted canbe somewhat accurately controlled, the goal being to ensure that much ofthe radiation that is emitted falls in the ultraviolet portion of thespectrum, and at wavelengths that will be effective for ink curing.ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths of 365 to 366 nanometers providesthe proper amount of penetration into the wet ink film to effect drying.Another variation of radiation-curing inks which may be used in theprinting of graphics are electron-beam curing inks The formulation ofsuch inks is less expensive than ultraviolet curing inks, but theelectronic-beam curing equipment is more expensive.

Printed film 70 is produced by film-layer printing stage 43 and providedto laminating stage 44 as shown, for example, in FIG. 1. Duringlaminating stage 44, adhesive 654 is applied to printed film 70 toproduce a skin 81 which is coupled to strip 82 to form sheet 80 assuggested in FIG. 1. As an example, sheet 80 is wound to form a roll 78which is stored for use at a later time in cup-forming stage 45.However, sheet 80 may be fed directly without storage to cup-formingstage 45.

An insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material produced inaccordance with the present disclosure can be formed to produce aninsulative cup 10 as suggested in FIGS. 2-9. As an example, theinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material comprises apolypropylene base resin having a high melt strength, a polypropylenecopolymer or homopolymer (or both), and cell-forming agents including atleast one nucleating agent and a blowing agent such as carbon dioxide.As a further example, the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial further comprises a slip agent. The polypropylene base resinhas a broadly distributed unimodal (not bimodal) molecular weightdistribution.

Insulative cellular non-aromatic material is used duringcup-manufacturing process 40 to make insulative cup 10 as suggested inFIGS. 1-6. Reference is hereby made to U.S. application Ser. No.13/491,007 filed Jun. 7, 2012 and titled INSULATED CONTAINER fordisclosure relating to an insulative container made from an insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material, which application is herebyincorporated in its entirety herein. Reference is hereby made to U.S.application Ser. No. 13/491,327 filed Jun. 7, 2012 and titled POLYMERICMATERIAL FOR AN INSULATED CONTAINER for disclosure relating to suchinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material, which applicationis hereby incorporated in its entirety herein.

Strip-forming stage 41 of cup-manufacturing process 40 provides strip 82of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material as shown inFIG. 1. In one illustrative example, strip-forming stage 41 uses apolypropylene-based formulation 121 in accordance with the presentdisclosure to produce strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material as shown in FIG. 7. Formulation 121 is heated andextruded in two stages to produce a tubular extrudate 124 that can beslit to provide strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 7. A blowing agent in theform of a liquefied inert gas is introduced into a molten resin 122 inthe first extrusion zone. As an example, strip-forming stage 41 uses atandem-extrusion technique in which a first extruder 111 and a secondextruder 112 cooperate to extrude strip 82 of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material.

Strip-forming stage 41 of cup-manufacturing process 40 provides strip 82of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material as shown in FIG.7. As shown in FIG. 7, a formulation 121 of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material is loaded into a hopper 113 that iscoupled to first extruder 111. Formulation 121 of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material is moved from hopper 113 by a screw 114included in first extruder 111. Formulation 121 is transformed into amolten resin 122 in a first extrusion zone of first extruder 111 byapplication of heat 105 and pressure from screw 114 as suggested in FIG.7.

In exemplary embodiments, a physical blowing agent may be introduced andmixed into molten resin 122 after molten resin 122 is established. Inexemplary embodiments, as discussed further herein, the physical blowingagent may be a gas introduced as a pressurized liquid via a port 115Aand mixed with molten resin 122 to form a molten extrusion resin mixture123, as shown in FIG. 7.

Extrusion resin mixture 123 is conveyed by screw 114 into a secondextrusion zone included in second extruder 112 as shown in FIG. 7.There, extrusion resin mixture 123 is further processed by secondextruder 112 before being expelled through an extrusion die 116 coupledto an end of second extruder 112 to form an extrudate 124. As extrusionresin mixture 123 passes through extrusion die 116, gas comes out ofsolution in extrusion resin mixture 123 and begins to form cells andexpand so that extrudate 124 is established. As an example,strip-forming stage 41 uses a tandem-extrusion technique in which firstand second extruders 111, 112 cooperate to extrude strip 82 ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material.

As an exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the extrudate 124 may beformed by an annular extrusion die 116 to form a tubular extrudate 124.A slitter 117 then cuts extrudate 124 to establish strip 82 ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material as shown in FIG. 7.

Extrudate means the material that exits an extrusion die. The extrudatematerial may be in a form such as, but not limited to, a sheet, strip,tube, thread, pellet, granule or other structure that is the result ofextrusion of a polymer-based formulation as described herein through anextruder die. For the purposes of illustration only, a sheet will bereferred to as a representative extrudate structure that may be formed,but is intended to include the structures discussed herein. Theextrudate may be further formed into any of a variety of final products,such as, but not limited to, cups, containers, trays, wraps, wound rollsof strips of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material, or thelike.

As an example, strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial is wound to form a roll of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material and stored for later use either in a cup-formingprocess. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure forstrip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material to beused in-line with the cup-forming process.

As shown in FIG. 9, multi-layer sheet 80 is a composite formed of strip82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material onto whichskin 81 is laminated from a roll 78 at a laminating stage 44. As anexample, multi-layer sheet 80 is fed from roll 78 to the cup-formingstage 45 as suggested in FIG. 1 and shown in FIG. 2. Cup-forming stage45 illustratively includes a body blank forming step 451, an optionalbody blank annealing step 451 a, a cup-base forming step 452, and abrim-forming step 453 as shown in FIG. 12. Body blank forming step 451uses laminated sheet 80 to make a body blank 92 as shown in FIG. 12.Cup-base forming step 452 uses body blanks 92 along with anotherlaminated sheet 80 provided by another laminated roll 78 to form a floorblank 90, form side wall 18, and join side wall 18 to floor 20 toestablish base 12 as suggested in FIG. 13. Brim-forming step 453 rollstop portion 22 of base 12 to form rolled brim 16 on base 12 as suggestedin FIG. 14.

Body blank forming step 451 includes a laminated-roll loading step 4511,an optional annealing step 4511 a, a compressing step 4512, a cuttingstep 4513, a collecting scrap step 4514, and an accumulating blanks step4515 as shown in FIG. 13. Laminated-roll loading step 4511 loadslaminated roll 76 onto a cutting machine such as a die cutting machineor metal-on-metal stamping machine. As a result, laminated sheet 80 isdrawn into the cutting machine for processing in machine direction 67.The optional annealing step 4511 a heats laminated sheet 80 as it movesto the cutting machine so that stresses in the non-aromatic polymerstructure of laminated sheet 80 are released to reduce creasing andwrinkling in surfaces 106 and 108 of insulative cup 10.

An unexpected property of sheet 80 including strip 82 of insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material is its ability to formnoticeably smooth, crease, and wrinkle free surfaces when bent to form around article, such as insulative cup 10. Surface 106 is smooth andwrinkle free as is surface 108 as shown in FIG. 9. The smoothness of thesurfaces 106 and 108 of the present disclosure is such that the depth ofcreases or wrinkles naturally occurring when subjected to extension andcompression forces during cup-manufacturing process 40 is less thanabout 100 microns and even less than about 5 microns in most instances.At less than about 10 microns, the creases or wrinkles are not visibleto the naked eye.

In addition to surface topography and morphology, another factor thatwas found to be beneficial to obtain a high quality insulative cup freeof creases was the anisotropy of the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric strip. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the major axis to theminor axis of the cell. As confirmed by microscopy, in one exemplaryembodiment the average cell dimensions in a machine direction 67(machine or along the web direction) of an extruded strip 82 ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material was about 0.0362inches (0.92 mm) in width by about 0.0106 inches (0.27 mm) in height. Asa result, a machine direction cell size aspect ratio is about 3.5. Theaverage cell dimensions in a cross direction (cross-web or transversedirection) was about 0.0205 inches (0.52 mm) in width and about 0.0106inches (0.27 mm) in height. As a result, a cross-direction aspect ratiois about 1.94. In one exemplary embodiment, it was found that for thestrip to withstand compressive force during cup forming, one desirableaverage aspect ratio of the cells was between about 1.0 and about 3.0.In one exemplary embodiment one desirable average aspect ratio of thecells was between about 1.0 and about 2.0.

The ratio of machine direction to cross direction cell length is used asa measure of anisotropy of the extruded strip. In exemplary embodiments,a strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material may bebi-axially oriented, with a coefficient of anisotropy ranging betweenabout 1.5 and about 3. In one exemplary embodiment, the coefficient ofanisotropy was about 1.8.

If the circumference of the cup is aligned with machine direction 67 ofstrip 82 with a cell aspect ratio exceeding about 3.0, deep creases withdepth exceeding about 200 microns are typically formed on an insidesurface of the cup making it unusable. Unexpectedly, it was found, inone exemplary embodiment, that if the circumference of the cup wasaligned in the cross direction of extruded strip 82, which can becharacterized by cell aspect ratio below about 2.0, no deep creases wereformed inside of the cup, indicating that the cross direction of strip82 was more resistant to compression forces during cup formation.

One possible reason for greater compressibility of an extruded stripwith cells having aspect ratio below about 2.0 in the direction of cupcircumference, such as in the cross direction, could be due to lowerstress concentration for cells with a larger radius. Another possiblereason may be that the higher aspect ratio of cells might mean a higherslenderness ratio of the cell wall, which is inversely proportional tobuckling strength. Folding of the strip into wrinkles in the compressionmode could be approximated as buckling of cell walls. For cell wallswith longer length, the slenderness ratio (length to diameter) may behigher. Yet another possible factor in relieving compression stressmight be a more favorable polymer chain packing in cell walls in thecross direction allowing polymer chain re-arrangements under compressionforce. Polymer chains are expected to be preferably oriented and moretightly packed in machine direction 67.

In exemplary embodiments, cell aspect ratio is about 2.0 when the formedcup circumference is aligned in the direction of extruded strip. As aresult, the surface of extruded strip with crystal domain size belowabout 100 angstroms facing inside the cup may provide favorable resultsof achieving a desirable surface topography with imperfections less thanabout 5 microns deep.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the polypropylene resin (eitherthe base or the combined base and secondary resin) may have a density ina range of about 0.01 g/cm³ to about 0.19 g/cm³. In one exemplaryembodiment, the density may be in a range of about 0.05 g/cm³ to about0.19 g/cm³. In one exemplary embodiment, the density may be in a rangeof about 0.1 g/cm³ to about 0.185 g/cm³.

It has been found during development of the present disclosure that ifthe circumference of insulative cup 10 is aligned with the machinedirection 67 of strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial, deep creases with a depth in excess of about 200 microns aretypically formed on surface 108. Unexpectedly, it has been determinedthat if the circumference of insulative cup 10 is aligned generallyperpendicular to machine direction 67, no deep creases are formed onsurface 108, indicating that the cross-direction to machine direction 67of extruded insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material isresistant to compression forces during formation of insulative cup 10.It is believed that this is a result of the orientation of the polymerchains of extruded insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric materialwhich are oriented and more tightly packed in machine direction 67.

As an example, equipment may be arranged such that rolled brim 16 ofinsulative cup 10 is arranged to be the cross direction during bodyblank forming step 451. After sheet 80 is provided, compressing step4512 compresses portions of sheet 80 to form a compressed sheet. Cuttingstep 4513 cuts compressed sheet to cause body blank 92 to be cut from ablank-carrier sheet 94. Collecting scrap step 4514 collectsblank-carrier sheet 94 after cutting step 4513 is complete so thatblank-carrier sheet 94 may be recycled. Accumulating blanks step 4515accumulates each body blank 92 to form a body blank stack 95 for use incup-base forming step 452 as shown in FIG. 3. As another example,compressing step 4512 and cutting step 4513 may be combined such thatthey are performed generally at the same time by the same piece ofequipment.

Cup-base forming step 452 includes a body blanks loading step 4521A, aheating body blank step 4522A, a wrapping body blank step 4523A, aforming body step 4524A, a laminated-roll loading step 4521B, a cuttingfloor blanks step 4522B, a shaping floor step 4523B, a heating floorstep 4524B, a heating body step 4525A, a wrapping body step 4526, and afloor-seam forming step 4527 as shown in FIG. 4. Body blanks loadingstep 4521A loads body blank stack 95 into a cup-forming machine forfurther processing. Heating body blank step 4522A applies heat 96 tobody blank 92. Wrapping body blank step 4523A wraps heated body blank 92around a mandrel included in the cup-forming machine. Forming body step4524A forms body 11 by compressing portions of side wall 18 usingprimary and auxiliary seam clamps included in the cup-forming machine.Primary and auxiliary seam clamps provide localize compression whichresults a portion of side wall 18 having thickness T2 and anotherportion having thickness T1 as shown in FIG. 14. As an example,thickness T2 is about equal to thickness T1.

Laminated-roll loading step 4521B loads another laminated roll 76 ontothe cup-forming machine to cause laminated sheet 80 to be drawn intocup-forming machine for processing. Cutting floor blanks step 4522B cutslaminated sheet 80 to cause floor blank 90 to be cut from ablank-carrier sheet 94. Blank-carrier sheet 94 may then be collected andrecycled. Shaping floor step 4523B forms floor 20 by inserting floorblank 90 into the mandrel of the cup-forming machine. Heating floor step4524B applies heat 96 to floor 20 at the same time heating body step4525A applies heat 96 to side wall 18. Wrapping body 4526 wraps supportstructure 19 around platform-support member 23 of floor 20. Floor-seamforming step 4527 compresses floor 20 and side wall 18 to establish afloor seam or seal between floor 20 and side wall 18 to establish base12 which is then ready for brim-forming step 453 as shown in FIG. 4.

Cup-base forming step 452 maintains the thickness T1 of the side wall 18as compared to a thermoforming process. Rather than heating aninsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material and working it overa mandrel in the thermoforming process, subjecting portions of the wallof the resulting cup to thinning and potentially reducing the insulativeand structural properties thereof, cup-base forming step 452 is anassembly process that does not require most of the entire side wall 18to be subjected to melting temperatures. This provides the advantage ofmaintaining consistency in thickness T1 of side wall 18 and, thereby,consistent and maximized insulating properties as compared to vesselssubjected to a deep draw thermoforming process.

Brim-forming step 453 includes a transferring cup-base step 4531, anoptional lubricating top-portion step 4532, heating top-portion step4533, and rolling top-portion step 4534 as shown in FIG. 5. Transferringcup-base step 4531 transfers base 12 from a cup-base forming machine toa brim-forming machine. Lubricating top-portion step 4532 lubricates topportion 22 of base 12. Heating top-portion step 4533 applies heat 96 totop portion 22 of base 12. Curling top-portion step 4534 curls topportion 22 away from interior region 14 to establish rolled brim 16 andform insulative cup 10.

Cup-packaging stage 46 includes a leak inspecting step 461, anaccumulating cups step 462, and a packaging cups step 463 as shown inFIG. 6. Leak inspecting step 461 inspects each insulative cup 10 formedduring brim-forming step 453 for leaks. Those cups failing the leakinspection are collected and recycled owing to formation of those cupsfrom insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material. Those cupspassing the leak inspection are accumulated in accumulating cups step462 to form a stack 98 of insulative cups. Packaging cups step 463stores stack 98 of insulative cups for storage, use, or transportationas shown in FIG. 6.

Another embodiment of a strip-forming stage 300 is shown for example inFIG. 8. Strip-forming stage 300 incorporates a blender 302 for materialblending of the resin. Resin is fed into a primary extruder 304. In thisexample, a first physical blowing agent A 306 and a second physicalblowing agent B 308 are introduced to expand the resin to reducedensity. As an example, first physical blowing agent A 306 may be CO2,N2, or any other suitable alternative. Second physical blowing agent B308 may be, for example, R134a as an example. The material exits theprimary extruder 304 and is introduced into the secondary extruder 310.The two extruders 304 and 310 act as tandem extruders to promotematerial dispersion and homogeneity.

An annular die 312 is used to form a tube of material. A cooling cannose 314 uses air to promote formation of bubbles. The surfacetemperature of the cooling can nose is regulated. In one exemplaryembodiment, opposing knives 316 are positioned preferably opposite eachother (for example, at 3 and 9 o'clock) to slit the extrudate into twostrips. Alternatively, a single knife can be used. Alternatively, theextrudate need not be slit at all. The extrudate thus formed can beinspected, for example by a laser thickness sensor 318 to ensure properand uniform thickness.

A gas, such as, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, otherrelatively inert gas, a mixture of gases or the like, is introduced intothe molten resin mixture to expand the polypropylene and reduce densityby forming cells in the molten polypropylene. R134a or other haloalkanerefrigerant may be used with the gas. In one aspect of the presentdisclosure, the cells formed in the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material may have an average size in a range of about 0.010 toabout 0.030 inches.

Other adjustments may be made to ensure a sufficiently small cell sizeand, thereby, facilitate a smoother surface. In illustrativeembodiments, relatively greater amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen,other relatively inert gas, a mixture of gases or the like, may beintroduced into the molten resin mixture to expand the polypropylene andfurther reduce its density by forming smaller cells in the moltenpolypropylene. Moreover, relatively greater amounts of copolymer may beadded to the resin mix. Furthermore, adjustments may be made to thetemperature of the cooling can during the extrusion stage. Stillfurther, the tandem extruder arrangement shown in FIG. 7 may be replacedwith a co-extrusion foaming die, which can facilitate putting a cap onone side of the strip.

As discussed above, cup-manufacturing process 40 is used to form a sheet80 for use in forming insulative cup 10. Sheet 80 includes a skin 81laminated to strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial as shown in FIG. 9. Skin 81 includes a film or film layer 658,an ink layer 656, and an adhesive layer 654. As an example, ink layer656 may be printed on film 658 prior to adhering the skin to strip 82 ofinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material. In the illustrativeembodiment of FIG. 9, film 658 comprises biaxially orientedpolypropylene film.

Another embodiment of a sheet 180 in accordance with the presentdisclosure is shown in FIG. 10. Sheet 180 includes outer skin 81, strip82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material, and an innerskin 83 as shown in FIG. 10. Inner skin 83 is similar to outer skin 81in that inner skin 83 also includes adhesive layer 654, ink layer 656,and film 658. As a result, skin 81, 83 is arranged on both sides ofstrip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material. Inother embodiments, ink layer(s) 656 may be omitted on one or both sides.

An insulative cup 10 is formed using strip 82 of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material in cup-manufacturing process 40 as shownin FIGS. 1-6. Insulative cup 10 includes, for example, a body 11 havinga sleeve-shaped side wall 18 and a floor 20 coupled to body 11 tocooperate with the side wall 18 to form an interior region 14 forstoring food, liquid, or any suitable product as shown in FIG. 11. Body11 also includes a rolled brim 16 coupled to an upper end of side wall18 and a floor mount 17 coupled to a lower end of side wall 18 and tothe floor 20 as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 13.

Body 11 is formed from a strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material as disclosed herein. In accordance with the presentdisclosure, strip 82 of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial is configured through application of pressure and heat (thoughin exemplary embodiments configuration may be without application ofheat) to provide means for enabling localized plastic deformation in atleast one selected region of body 11 to provide a plastically deformedfirst sheet segment having a first density located in a first portion ofthe selected region of body 11 and a second sheet segment having asecond density lower than the first density located in an adjacentsecond portion of the selected region of body 11 without fracturing thesheet of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material so that apredetermined insulative characteristic is maintained in body 11.

A first 101 of the selected regions of body 11 in which localizedplastic deformation is enabled by the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material is in sleeve-shaped side wall 18 as suggested inFIGS. 11 and 15. Sleeve-shaped side wall 18 includes an upright innertab 514, an upright outer tab 512, and an upright fence 513 as suggestedin FIGS. 11 and 14-17. Upright inner tab 514 is arranged to extendupwardly from floor 20 and configured to provide the first sheet segmenthaving the first density in the first 101 of the selected regions ofbody 11. Upright outer tab 512 is arranged to extend upwardly from floor20 and to mate with upright inner tab 514 along an interface Itherebetween as suggested in FIG. 16. Upright fence 513 is arranged tointerconnect upright inner and outer tabs 514, 512 and surround interiorregion 14. Upright fence 513 is configured to provide the second sheetsegment having the second density in the first 101 of the selectedregions of body 11 and cooperate with upright inner and outer tabs 514,513 to form sleeve-shaped side wall 18 as suggested in FIGS. 14-17.

A second 102 of the selected regions of body 11 in which localizedplastic deformation is enabled by the sheet of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material is in rolled brim 16 included in body 11as suggested in FIGS. 11 and 16. Rolled brim 16 is coupled to an upperend of sleeve-shaped side wall 18 to lie in spaced-apart relation tofloor 20 and to frame an opening into interior region 14. Rolled brim 16includes an inner rolled tab 164, an outer rolled tab 162, and a rolledlip 163 as suggested in FIGS. 11, 14, and 16. Inner rolled tab 164 isconfigured to provide the first sheet segment in the second 102 of theselected regions of body 11. Inner rolled tab 164 coupled to an upperend of upright outer tab 512 included in sleeve-shaped side wall 18.Outer rolled tab 162 is coupled to an upper end of upright inner tab 514included in sleeve-shaped side wall 18 and to an outwardly facingexterior surface of inner rolled tab 164. Rolled lip 163 is arranged tointerconnect oppositely facing side edges of each of inner and outerrolled tabs 164, 162. Rolled lip 163 is configured to provide the secondsheet segment having the second density in the second 102 of theselected region of body 11 and cooperate with inner and outer rolledtabs 164, 162 to form rolled brim 16 as suggested in FIG. 2.

A third 103 of the selected regions of body 11 in which localizedplastic deformation is enabled by the sheet of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material is in a floor mount included in body 11as suggested in FIGS. 11 and 17. Floor mount 17 is coupled to a lowerend of sleeve-shaped side wall 18 to lie in spaced-apart relation torolled brim 16 and to floor 20 to support floor 20 in a stationaryposition relative to sleeve-shaped side wall 18 to form interior region14. Floor mount 17 includes a web-support ring 126, a floor-retainingflange 26, and a web 25. Web-support ring 126 is coupled to the lowerend of sleeve-shaped side wall 18 and configured to provide the secondsheet segment having the second density in the third 103 of the selectedregions of body 11. Floor-retaining flange 26 is coupled to floor 20 andarranged to be surrounded by web-support ring 126. Web 25 is arranged tointerconnect floor-retaining flange 26 and web-support ring 126. Web 25is configured to provide the first sheet segment having the firstdensity in the third 103 of the selected regions of body 11.

A fourth 104 of the selected regions of body 11 in which localizedplastic deformation is enabled by the sheet of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material is in floor-retaining flange of floormount 17 as suggested in FIGS. 11, 13, and 18. Floor-retaining flange 26includes an alternating series of upright thick and thin staves arrangedin side-to-side relation to extend upwardly from web 25 toward interiorregion 14 bounded by sleeve-shaped side wall 18 and floor 20. A first261 of the upright thick staves is configured to include a right sideedge extending upwardly from web 25 toward interior region 14. A second262 of the upright thick staves is configured to include a left sideedge arranged to extend upwardly from web 25 toward interior region 14and lie in spaced-apart confronting relation to right side edge of thefirst 261 of the upright thick staves. A first 260 of the upright thinstaves is arranged to interconnect left side edge of the first 261 ofthe upright thick staves and right side edge of the second 262 of theupright thick staves and to cooperate with left and right side edges todefine therebetween a vertical channel 263 opening inwardly into a lowerinterior region bounded by floor-retaining flange 26 and a horizontalplatform 21 included in floor 20 and located above floor-retainingflange 26. The first 260 of the upright thin staves is configured toprovide the first sheet segment in the fourth 104 of the selectedregions of body 11. The first 261 of the upright thick staves isconfigured to provide the second sheet segment in the fourth 104 of theselected regions of the body 11.

The compressibility of the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial used to produce insulative cup 10 allows the insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material to be prepared for themechanical assembly of insulative cup 10, without limitationsexperienced by other non-aromatic polymeric materials. The cellularnature of the material provides insulative characteristics as discussedbelow, while susceptibility to plastic deformation permits yielding ofthe material without fracture. The plastic deformation experienced whenthe insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material is subjected toa pressure load is used to form a permanent set in the insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material after the pressure load hasbeen removed. In some locations, the locations of permanent set arepositioned to provide controlled gathering of the sheet of insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material.

The plastic deformation may also be used to create fold lines in thesheet to control deformation of the sheet when being worked during theassembly process. When deformation is present, the absence of materialin the voids formed by the deformation provides relief to allow thematerial to be easily folded at the locations of deformation.

Insulative cup 10 of the present disclosure satisfies a long-felt needfor a vessel that includes many if not all the features of insulativeperformance, ready for recyclability, high-quality graphics, chemicalresistance, puncture resistance, frangibility resistance, stainresistance, microwavability, and resistance to leaching undesirablesubstances into products stored in the interior region of the drink cupas discussed above. Others have failed to provide a vessel that achievescombinations of these features as reflected in the appended claims. Thisfailure is a result of the many features being associated withcompetitive design choices. As an example, others have created vesselsthat based on design choices are insulated but suffer from poor punctureresistance, lack of microwavability, and leech undesirable substancesinto products stored in the interior region. In comparison, insulativecup 10 overcomes the failures of others by using an insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material.

As an example, the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric materialcomprises a polypropylene base resin having a high melt strength, apolypropylene copolymer or homopolymer (or both), and cell-formingagents including at least one nucleating agent and a blowing agent suchas carbon dioxide. As a further example, the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material further comprises a slip agent. Thepolypropylene base resin has a broadly distributed unimodal (notbimodal) molecular weight distribution.

One aspect of the present disclosure provides a formulation formanufacturing an insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material. Asreferred to herein, an insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial refers to an extruded structure having cells formed therein andhas desirable insulative properties at given thicknesses. Another aspectof the present disclosure provides a resin material for manufacturing anextruded structure of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial. Still another aspect of the present disclosure provides anextrudate comprising an insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial. Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides astructure of material formed from an insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material. A further aspect of the present disclosure providesa container formed from an insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial.

In exemplary embodiments, a formulation includes at least one polymericmaterial. In one exemplary embodiment a primary or base polymercomprises a high melt strength polypropylene that has long chainbranching. Long chain branching occurs by the replacement of asubstituent, e.g., a hydrogen atom, on a monomer subunit, by anothercovalently bonded chain of that polymer, or, in the case of a graftcopolymer, by a chain of another type. For example, chain transferreactions during polymerization could cause branching of the polymer.Long chain branching is branching with side polymer chain lengths longerthan the average critical entanglement distance of a linear polymerchain. Long chain branching is generally understood to include polymerchains with at least 20 carbon atoms depending on specific monomerstructure used for polymerization. Another example of branching is bycross-linking of the polymer after polymerization is complete. Some longchain branch polymers are formed without cross-linking Polymer chainbranching can have a significant impact on material properties. Finalselection of a polypropylene material may take into account theproperties of the end material, the additional materials needed duringformulation, as well as the conditions during the extrusion process. Inexemplary embodiments high melt strength polypropylenes may be materialsthat can hold a gas (as discussed hereinbelow), produce desirable cellsize, have desirable surface smoothness, and have an acceptable odorlevel (if any).

One illustrative example of a suitable polypropylene base resin isDAPLOY™ WB140 homopolymer (available from Borealis A/S), a high meltstrength structural isomeric modified polypropylene homopolymer (meltstrength=36, as tested per ISO 16790 which is incorporated by referenceherein, melting temperature=325.4° F. (163° C.) using ISO 11357, whichis incorporated by reference herein).

Borealis DAPLOY™ WB140 properties (as described in a Borealis productbrochure):

Typical Property Value Unit Test Method Melt Flow Rate (230/2.16) 2.1g/10 min ISO 1133 Flexural Modulus 1900 MPa ISO 178 Tensile Strength atYield 40 MPa ISO 527-2 Elongation at Yield 6 % ISO 527-2 Tensile Modulus2000 MPa ISO 527-2 Charpy impact strength, notched 3.0 kJ/m² ISO 179/1eA(+23° C.) Charpy impact strength, notched 1.0 kJ/m² ISO 179/1eA (−20°C.) Heat Deflection Temperature A 60 ° C. ISO 75-2 (at 1.8 MPa load)Method A Heat Deflection Temperature B 110 ° C. ISO 75-2 (at 0.46 MPaload) Method B

Other polypropylene polymers having suitable melt strength, branching,and melting temperature may also be used. Several base resins may beused and mixed together.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a secondary polymer may be used withthe base polymer. The secondary polymer may be, for example, a polymerwith sufficient crystallinity. In exemplary embodiments the secondarypolymer may be at least one crystalline polypropylene homopolymer, animpact copolymer, mixtures thereof or the like. One illustrative exampleis a high crystalline polypropylene homopolymer, available as F020HCfrom Braskem. Another illustrative example is a polymer commerciallyavailable as PRO-FAX SC204™ (available from LyndellBasell IndustriesHoldings, B.V.). Another illustrative example include is Homo PP-INSPIRE222, available from Braskem. In one aspect the polypropylene may have ahigh degree of crystallinity, i.e., the content of the crystalline phaseexceeds 51% (as tested using differential scanning calorimetry) at 10°C./min cooling rate. In exemplary embodiments several differentsecondary polymers may be used and mixed together.

In exemplary embodiments, the secondary polymer may be or may includepolyethylene. In exemplary embodiments, the secondary polymer mayinclude low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers,ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers,mixtures of at least two of the foregoing and the like. The use ofnon-polypropylene materials may affect recyclability, insulation,microwavability, impact resistance, or other properties, as discussedfurther hereinbelow.

One or more nucleating agents are used to provide and control nucleationsites to promote formation of cells, bubbles, or voids in the moltenresin during the extrusion process. Nucleating agent means a chemical orphysical material that provides sites for cells to form in a moltenresin mixture. Nucleating agents may be physical agents or chemicalagents. Suitable physical nucleating agents have desirable particlesize, aspect ratio, and top-cut properties. Examples include, but arenot limited to, talc, CaCO₃, silica (e.g., Aerosil® 200, manufactured byEvonik Industries AG of Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany), mica, and mixtures ofat least two of the foregoing. The nucleating agent may be blended withthe polymer resin formulation that is introduced into the hopper.Alternatively, the nucleating agent may be added to the molten resinmixture in the extruder. When the chemical reaction temperature isreached the nucleating agent acts to enable formation of bubbles thatcreate cells in the molten resin. An illustrative example of a chemicalblowing agent is citric acid or a citric acid-based material. Afterdecomposition, the chemical blowing agent forms small gas cells whichfurther serve as nucleation sites for larger cell growth from a physicalor other types of blowing agents. One representative example isHydrocerol™ CF-40 E™ (available from Clariant Corporation), whichcontains citric acid and a crystal nucleating agent. In illustrativeembodiments one or more catalysts or other reactants may be added toaccelerate or facilitate the formation of cells.

In certain exemplary embodiments, one or more blowing agents may beincorporated. Blowing agent means a physical or a chemical material (orcombination of materials) that acts to expand nucleation sites.Nucleating agents and blowing agents may work together. The blowingagent acts to reduce density by forming cells in the molten resin. Theblowing agent may be added to the molten resin mixture in the extruder.Representative examples of physical blowing agents include, but are notlimited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, argon, air, pentane,butane, or other alkane mixtures of the foregoing and the like. Incertain exemplary embodiments, a processing aid may be employed thatenhances the solubility of the physical blowing agent. Alternatively,the physical blowing agent may be a hydrofluorocarbon, such as1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, also known as R134a, or other haloalkanerefrigerant. Selection of the blowing agent may be made to takeenvironmental impact into consideration.

In exemplary embodiments, physical blowing agents are typically gasesthat are introduced as liquids under pressure into the molten resin viaa port in the extruder as suggested in FIG. 7. As the molten resinpasses through the extruder and the die head, the pressure drops causingthe physical blowing agent to change phase from a liquid to a gas,thereby creating cells in the extruded resin. Excess gas blows off afterextrusion with the remaining gas being trapped in the cells in theextrudate.

Chemical blowing agents are materials that degrade or react to produce agas. Chemical blowing agents may be endothermic or exothermic. Chemicalblowing agents typically degrade at a certain temperature to decomposeand release gas. In one aspect the chemical blowing agent may be one ormore materials selected from the group consisting of azodicarbonamide;azodiisobutyro-nitrile; benzenesulfonhydrazide; 4,4-oxybenzenesulfonylsemicarbazide; p-toluene sulfonyl semi-carbazide; bariumazodicarboxylate; N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dinitrosoterephthalamide;trihydrazino triazine; methane; ethane; propane; n-butane; isobutane;n-pentane; isopentane; neopentane; methyl fluoride; perfluoromethane;ethyl fluoride; 1,1-difluoroethane; 1,1,1-trifluoroethane;1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-ethane; pentafluoroethane; perfluoroethane;2,2-difluoropropane; 1,1,1-trifluoropropane; perfluoropropane;perfluorobutane; perfluorocyclobutane; methyl chloride; methylenechloride; ethyl chloride; 1,1,1-trichloroethane;1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane; 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane;1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane; 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane;trichloromonofluoromethane; dichlorodifluoromethane;trichlorotrifluoroethane; dichlorotetrafluoroethane;chloroheptafluoropropane; dichlorohexafluoropropane; methanol; ethanol;n-propanol; isopropanol; sodium bicarbonate; sodium carbonate; ammoniumbicarbonate; ammonium carbonate; ammonium nitrite;N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dinitrosoterephthalamide;N,N′-dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine; azodicarbonamide;azobisisobutylonitrile; azocyclohexylnitrile; azodiaminobenzene;bariumazodicarboxylate; benzene sulfonyl hydrazide; toluene sulfonylhydrazide; p,p′-oxybis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide); diphenylsulfone-3,3′-disulfonyl hydrazide; calcium azide; 4,4′-diphenyldisulfonyl azide; and p-toluene sulfonyl azide.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, where a chemical blowing agentis used, the chemical blowing agent may be introduced into the resinformulation that is added to the hopper.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the blowing agent may be adecomposable material that forms a gas upon decomposition. Arepresentative example of such a material is citric acid or acitric-acid based material. In one exemplary aspect of the presentdisclosure it may be possible to use a mixture of physical and chemicalblowing agents.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, at least one slip agent may beincorporated into the resin mixture to aid in increasing productionrates. Slip agent (also known as a process aid) is a term used todescribe a general class of materials which are added to a resin mixtureand provide surface lubrication to the polymer during and afterconversion. Slip agents may also reduce or eliminate die drool.Representative examples of slip agent materials include amides of fatsor fatty acids, such as, but not limited to, erucamide and oleamide. Inone exemplary aspect, amides from oleyl (single unsaturated C-18)through erucyl (C-22 single unsaturated) may be used. Otherrepresentative examples of slip agent materials include low molecularweight amides and fluoroelastomers. Combinations of two or more slipagents can be used. Slip agents may be provided in a master batch pelletform and blended with the resin formulation.

One or more additional components and additives optionally may beincorporated, such as, but not limited to, impact modifiers, colorants(such as, but not limited to, titanium dioxide), and compound regrind.

The polymer resins may be blended with any additional desired componentsand melted to form a resin formulation mixture.

In an alternative exemplary embodiment, instead of polypropylene as theprimary polymer, a polylactic acid material may be used, such as, butnot limited to, a polyactic acid material derived from a food-basedmaterial, for example, corn starch. In one exemplary embodiment,polyethylene may be used as the primary polymer.

In one exemplary aspect of the present disclosure, one formulation for amaterial useful in the formation of an insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material includes the following: at least one primary resincomprising a high melt strength long chain branched polypropylene, atleast one secondary resin comprising a high crystalline polypropylenehomopolymer or an impact copolymer, at least one nucleating agent, atleast one blowing agent, and at least one slip agent. Optionally, acolorant may be incorporated.

The formulation may be introduced into an extruder via a hopper, such asthat shown in FIG. 7. During the extrusion process the formulation isheated and melted to form a molten resin mixture. In exemplaryembodiments, at least one physical blowing agent is introduced into themolten resin mixture via one or more ports in the extruder. The moltenresin mixture and gas is then extruded through a die.

In another exemplary embodiment, the formulation may contain both atleast one chemical blowing agent and at least one physical blowingagent.

Cups or other containers or structures may be formed from the sheetaccording to conventional apparatus and methods.

For the purposes of non-limiting illustration only, formation of a cupfrom an exemplary embodiment of a material disclosed herein will bedescribed; however, the container may be in any of a variety of possibleshapes or structures or for a variety of applications, such as, but notlimited to, a conventional beverage cup, storage container, bottle, orthe like. For the purpose of nonlimiting illustration only, a liquidbeverage will be used as the material which can be contained by thecontainer; however, the container may hold liquids, solids, gels,combinations thereof, or other material.

A potential unexpected feature of the sheet of insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material formed as described herein is the highinsulation value obtained at a given thickness. See, for example,Examples 1 and 2 disclosed in Ser. No. 13/491,327, filed Jun. 7, 2012and entitled POLYMERIC MATERIAL FOR AN INSULATED CONTAINER, whichapplication is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein.

A potential feature of a cup formed of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material according to exemplary embodiments of the presentdisclosure is that the cup has low material loss. Furthermore, thematerial of the present disclosure may have markedly low off-gassingwhen subjected to heat from a conventional kitchen-type microwave ovenfor periods of time up to several minutes.

Another potential feature of a cup formed of the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material according to the present disclosure isthat the cup can be placed in and go through a conventional residentialor commercial dishwasher cleaning cycle (top rack) without noticeablestructural or material breakdown or adverse affect on materialproperties. This is in comparison to beaded expanded polystyrene cups orcontainers which can break down under similar cleaning processes.Accordingly, a cup made according to one aspect of the presentdisclosure can be cleaned and reused.

Another potential feature of an article formed of the insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material according to various aspects ofthe present disclosure is that the article can be recycled. Recyclablemeans that a material can be added (such as regrind) back into anextrusion or other formation process without segregation of componentsof the material, i.e., an article formed of the material does not haveto be manipulated to remove one or more materials or components prior tore-entering the extrusion process. For example, a cup having a printedfilm layer laminated to the exterior of the cup may be recyclable if onedoes not need to separate out the film layer prior to the cup beingground into particles. In contrast, a paper-wrapped expanded polystyrenecup may not be recyclable because the polystyrene material could notpracticably be used as material in forming an expanded polystyrene cup,even though the cup material may possibly be formed into anotherproduct. As a further example, a cup formed from a non-expandedpolystyrene material having a layer of non-styrene printed film adheredthereto may be considered non-recyclable because it would require thesegregation of the polystyrene cup material from the non-styrene filmlayer, which would not be desirable to introduce as part of the regrindinto the extrusion process.

Recyclability of articles formed from the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material of the present disclosure minimizes theamount of disposable waste created. In comparison, beaded expandedpolystyrene cups that break up into beads and thus ordinarily cannoteasily be reused in a manufacturing process with the same material fromwhich the article was formed. And, paper cups that typically have anextrusion coated plastic layer or a plastic lamination for liquidresistance ordinarily cannot be recycled because the different materials(paper, adhesive, film, plastic) normally cannot be practicablyseparated in commercial recycling operations.

A potential feature of a cup formed of the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material according to one aspect of the presentdisclosure is that it possesses unexpected strength as measured byrigidity. Rigidity is a measurement done at room temperature and at anelevated temperature (e.g., by filling the cup with a hot liquid) andmeasuring the rigidity of the material. The strength of the cup materialis important to reduce the potential for the cup being deformed by auser and the lid popping off or the lid or sidewall seal leaking.

A potential feature of a cup formed of the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material according to the present disclosure isthat the sleeve is resistant to puncture, such as by a straw, fork,spoon, finger nail, or the like, as measured by standard impact testing,as described hereinbelow. Test materials demonstrated substantiallyhigher impact resistance when compared to a beaded expanded polystyrenecup. Accordingly, a cup formed one aspect as described herein can reducethe likelihood of puncture and leakage of hot liquid onto a user.

A feature of a cup with a compressed brim and seam formed of thematerial according to one aspect as described herein is that a greaternumber of such cups can be nested in a given sleeve length because theseam is thinner and the side wall angle can be minimized (i.e., moreapproaching 90° with respect to the cup bottom) while providing asufficient air gap to permit easy de-nesting. Conventionally seam-formedcups having a seam substantially thicker than the side wall requires agreater side wall angle (and air gap) to allow for de-nesting, resultingin fewer cups being able to be nested in a given sleeve length.

A feature of a cup formed of the material according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure is that the brim may have a cross-section profile ofless than about 0.170 inches (4.318 mm) which may be due to localizedcell deformation and compression. Such a small profile is moreaesthetically pleasing than a larger profile.

A feature of a cup formed of the material according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure is that the rolled brim diameter can be the same forcups of different volumes, enabling one lid size to be used fordifferent cup sizes, assuming the cup rims outside diameters are thesame. As a result, the number of different size lids in inventory and atthe point of use may be reduced.

The material formulation may have properties that allow the sheet to becompressed without fracturing.

The insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material of the presentdisclosure may be formed into a strip which can be wrapped around otherstructures. For example, a strip of the material according to one aspectof the present disclosure that can be used as a wrapping material may beformed and wrapped around a pipe, conduit, or other structure to provideimproved insulation. The sheet or strip may have a layer of adhesive,such as a pressure sensitive adhesive, applied to one or both faces. Thestrip may be wound onto a roll. Optionally, the strip may have a releaseliner associated therewith to make unwinding the strip from the rolleasier. The polymer formulation may be adapted to provide the requisiteflexibility to form a wrap or windable strip, for example, by using oneor more polypropylene or other polyolefin materials that have sufficientflexibility to enable the extruded sheet to be flexible enough to bewound onto a roll. The insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial may be formed into a sleeve that can be inserted over a cup toprovide additional insulation.

In exemplary embodiments sheets formed from the insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material of the present disclosure may be cut atthe die or be flaked and used as a bulk insulator.

The formulation and insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric materialof the present disclosure satisfies a long-felt need for a material thatcan be formed into an article, such as a cup, that includes many if notall of the features of insulative performance, ready for recyclability,puncture resistance, frangibility resistance, microwavability and otherfeatures as discussed herein. Others have failed to provide a materialthat achieves combinations of these features as reflected in theappended claims. This failure is a result of the features beingassociated with competitive design choices. As an example, others havecreated materials and structures therefrom that based on design choicesare insulated but suffer from poor puncture resistance, inability toeffectively be recyclable, and lack microwavability. In comparison, theformulations and materials disclosed herein overcome the failures ofothers by using an insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material.

The cup may be formed from an extruded sheet of material by any of theextrusion processes suggested in FIGS. 1, 7, and 8 and describedhereinabove. The sheet may be made of a polypropylene base resin, suchas a high melt strength polypropylene. In one exemplary embodiment, thepolypropylene base resin may be DAPLOY™ WB140 homopolymer (availablefrom Borealis A/S), a high melt strength polypropylene. The secondaryresin may be an impact copolymer polypropylene sold as PRO-FAX SC204™(available from LyndellBasell Industries Holdings, B.V.). The two resinsmay be blended with Hydrocerol CF-40E as a primary nucleation agent,talc loaded at 60% as a secondary nucleation agent, and titanium dioxideas a colorant. The resins may be blended, together with any additionaldesired components, if needed, and melted to form a resin mixture. In analternative exemplary embodiment, polypropylene can be substituted by apolylactic acid material, such as a food-based material, for example,corn starch.

The material of the present disclosure may also be formed into adeformable sheet which can be wrapped around other structures. Forexample, a sheet of the present material may be formed and wrappedaround a pipe, conduit, or other structure to provide improvedinsulation.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are set forth for purposes of illustration only.Parts and percentages appearing in such examples are by weight unlessotherwise stipulated. All ASTM, ISO, and other standard test methodcitations referenced and other testing methodologies referred to in thisdisclosure are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Example 1 Formulation and Extrusion

DAPLOY™ WB140 polypropylene homopolymer (available from Borealis A/S)was used as the polypropylene base resin. F020HC, available fromBraskem, a polypropylene homopolymer resin, was used as the secondaryresin. The two resins were blended with: Hydrocerol™ CF-40E™ as aprimary nucleation agent, talc as a secondary nucleation agent, CO₂ as ablowing agent, a slip agent, and titanium dioxide as a colorant.Percentages were:

-   -   79.9% Primary resin: high melt strength polypropylene Borealis        WB140 HMS15%    -   Secondary resin: F020HC (Braskem)    -   0.1% Primary nucleating agent: Clariant Hyrocerol CF-40E™2%        Secondary nucleating agent: Talc    -   1% Colorant: TiO₂ PE (alternatively, PP can be used)    -   2% Slip agent: Ampacet™ 102823 LLDPE (linear low-density        polyethylene), available from Ampacet Corporation

The formulation was added to an extruder hopper. The extruder heated theformulation to form a molten resin mixture. To this mixture was added:

1.1 lbs/hr CO₂

0.7 lbs/hr R134a

The carbon dioxide with R134a was injected into the resin blend toexpand the resin and reduce density. The mixture thus formed wasextruded through a die head into a sheet. The sheet was then cut andformed into a cup.

Example 1 Test Results

The test results of the material formed according to Example 1 showedthe material had a density of 0.1902 g/cc and a nominal sheet gauge of0.089 inches.

Microwavability

Containers produced using this material filled with 12 ounces of roomtemperature water were heated in a FISO Microwave Station (1200 Watts)microwave oven for 2.5 min without burning or scorching or other visibleeffect on the cup. In comparison, paper cups heated in the samemicrowave oven scorched or burned in less than 90 seconds.

Rigidity

Test Method

Samples were at 73° F. and 50% relative humidity. The CupStiffness/Rigidity test was conducted with a horizontal force gaugecontaining a load cell to measure the resisting force of the cup whenexposed to the following test conditions: (a) The test location on thecup was ⅓ down from the rim of the cup. (b) Testing travel distance is ¼inches. (c) Testing travel time was 10 seconds.

Test Results

With an average wall thickness of 0.064 inches, average density of0.1776 g/cm³, and average cup weight of 9.86 g, the rigidity of thematerial are shown below in Tables 1-2.

TABLE 1 Rigidity Test Results Rigidities (kg-F) Cup # Seam 90° from SeamAverage Unlidded/unfilled 1 0.64 0.654 0.647 2 0.646 0.672 0.659 3 0.6320.642 0.637 4 0.562 0.608 0.585 5 0.652 0.596 0.624 0.630 STD DEV 0.0283sigma 0.085 High Range 0.716 Low Range 0.545 lidded/unfilled 6 0.890.83 0.860 7 0.954 0.904 0.929 8 0.846 0.808 0.827 9 0.732 0.826 0.77910 0.87 0.792 0.831 0.845 STD DEV 0.055 3sigma 0.165 High Range 1.011Low Range 0.680 unlidded/filled 200° F. 11 0.274 0.290 0.282 12 0.2780.326 0.302 13 0.264 0.274 0.269 14 0.300 0.270 0.285 15 0.252 0.2800.266 0.281 STD DEV 0.014 3sigma 0.043 High Range 0.324 Low Range 0.238lidded/filled 200° F. 16 0.346 0.354 0.350 17 0.386 0.422 0.404 18 0.3580.364 0.361 19 0.338 0.374 0.356 20 0.304 0.272 0.288 0.352 STD DEV0.042 3sigma 0.125 High Range 0.476 Low Range 0.227 unlidded/filled icewater 21 0.796 0.730 0.763 22 0.818 0.826 0.822 23 0.894 0.760 0.827 240.776 0.844 0.810 25 0.804 0.714 0.759 0.796 STD DEV 0.033 3sigma 0.098High Range 0.894 Low Range 0.698 lidded/filled ice water 26 1.044 0.8920.968 27 1.146 1.018 1.082 28 0.988 1.054 1.021 29 1.012 1.106 1.059 300.826 1.058 0.942 1.014 STD DEV 0.059 3sigma 0.177 High Range 1.192 LowRange 0.837

TABLE 2 Summary of Rigidity Test Results Unfilled Kg-F Hot Fill 200° F.Ice Water Fill Wall (kilograms-force) Kg-F 35° F. Kg-F Thickness DensityUnlidded Lidded Unlidded Lidded Unlidded Lidded Inches g/cc Testmaterial 0.630 0.845 0.281 0.352 0.796 1.014 0.064 0.1776

Insulation

Test Method

A typical industrial cup insulation test method as follows was used:

-   -   Attach the (cup exterior) surface temperature thermocouple to        cup with glue.    -   Tape attached thermocouple to cup with cellophane tape so that        the thermocouple is in the middle of the cup opposite the seam.    -   Heat water or other aqueous liquid to near boiling, such as in a        microwave.    -   Continually stir the hot liquid with a bulb thermometer while        observing the liquid temperature.    -   Record thermocouple temperature.    -   When the liquid gets to 200° F. pour into cup to near full.    -   Place lid on cup.    -   Record surface temperature for a minimum of 5 minutes.

A cup formed from the formulation noted above was used having a densityof 0.1902 g/cm³ and a wall thickness of 0.089 inches (2.2606 mm). A hotliquid at 200° F. (93.3° C.) was placed in the cup.

Test Results

The temperature measured on the outside wall of the cup was about 140.5°F. (60.3° C.), i.e., a 59.5° F. (33° C.) drop. The maximum temperatureover a five-minute period was observed to peak at 140.5° F. (60.3° C.).

The lower the temperature, the better the insulation property of the cupmaterial as the material reduces the heat transferring from the liquidto the cup material exterior.

Frangibility

Frangibility can be defined as resistance to tear or punctures causingfragmentation.

Test Method

The Elmendorf test method described in ASTM D1922-93 was used. Theradius of tear was 1.7 inches.

Test Results

The test results are shown in Tables 3-4 below. The material as formedin one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides superiorresistance to tear forces when compared to expanded polystyrene.

TABLE 3 Test Results Machine Direction (gram force) Transverse Direction(gram force) std std Tag Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 mean dev.Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 mean dev. Test 288 262 288 258 315282 23 232 213 178 205 232 212 23 Material Expaned 108 114 112 116 110112 3 * polystyrene

TABLE 4 Summary of Test Results Sample ID Test material Expanded cuppolystyrene Elmendorf Tear machine direction g (gram) 800 800 (MD) ArmElmendorf Tear MD Gf (gram 282 112 force) Elmendorf Tear transversedirection g 800 n/a (TD) Arm Elmendorf Tear TD gf 212 n/a

Note that there was no data obtained for the transverse direction testfor expanded polystyrene because expanded polystyrene does not have amaterial orientation, i.e., a machine or transverse direction, as such.The range (calculated as: lower range=mean−(3×std dev); upperrange=mean+(3×std dev)) for the tested material of the presentdisclosure was 213-351 g-f in the machine direction and 143-281 g-f inthe transverse direction. In comparison, the range of the expandedpolystyrene material tested was 103-121 g-f.

Puncture Resistance

Test Method

Determine the force and travel needed to puncture cup sidewall andbottom. An Instron instrument is used in compression mode set to 10inches per minute travel speed. The cup puncture test fixture on base ofInstron is used. This fixture allows the cup to fit over a shape thatfits inside the cup with a top surface that is perpendicular to thetravel of the Instron tester. The one inch diameter hole of the fixtureshould be positioned up. The portion of the Instron that moves should befitted with a 0.300 inch (7.62 mm) diameter punch. The punch with thehole is aligned in the test fixture. The cup is placed over the fixtureand the force and travel needed to puncture the cup sidewall isrecorded. The sidewall puncture test is repeated in three evenly spacedlocations while not puncture testing on the seam of the cup. The bottomof the cup is tested. This should be done in the same manner as thesidewall test except no fixture is used. The cup is just placed upsidedown on the base of the Instron while bringing the punch down on thecenter of the cup bottom.

Test Results

Force curves of the typical sidewall puncture and the bottom punctureare shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Puncture Test Results Ext. @ Cavity # Max Load (lbf) Max Load(in) Expanded polystyrene 3.79 0.300 TROPHY ® 6.61 0.155 testedinsulative cellular non-aromoatic 22.18 0.292 polymeric material (NoRim)

Slow Puncture—Straw

Test Method

The material as formed in one exemplary embodiment of the presentdisclosure provides superior resistance to punctures when compared toexpanded polystyrene using the Slow Puncture Resistance Test Method asdescribed in ASTM D-3763-86. The test results are shown in Tables 6-9below.

Test Results

TABLE 6 Tested Insulative Cellular Non-Aromatic Polymeric MaterialElongation At Specimen # Peak Load g (f) Break (mm) 1 13876.49 — 213684.33 — 3 15121.53 — 4 15268.95 17 5 14970.47 20 6 13049.71 — 715648.44 17 8 15352.38 23 9 18271.37 — 10  16859.29 — Mean 15210.30 19Std. Dev. 1532.83  3

TABLE 7 Expanded Polystyrene Elongation At Specimen # Peak Load g (f)Break (mm) 1 2936.73 — 2 2870.07 10 3 2572.62 — 4 2632.44 — 5 2809.70 —6 2842.93 — 7 2654.55 — 8 2872.96 — 9 2487.63 — 10 2866.53 — 11 2803.25— 12 2775.22 — 13 2834.28 — 14 2569.97 — Mean 2752.06 10 Std. Dev.140.42 —

TABLE 8 Paper Wrapped Expanded Polystyrene Elongation At Specimen # PeakLoad g(f) Break (mm) 1 7930.61 — 2 10044.30 — 3 9849.01 — 4 8711.44 — 59596.79 — 6 9302.99 — 7 10252.27 — 8 7785.64 — 9 8437.28 — 10 6751.98 —11 9993.19 — Mean 8968.68 — Std. Dev. 1134.68 —

TABLE 9 Summary of Slow Puncture-Straw Test Results Sample ID Testedinsulative Expanded cellular non- polystyrene Paper wrapped aromaticpolymeric (mean) expanded material cup (mean) grams- polystyrene (mean)grams-force (gf) force (gf) grams-force (gf) Average gf: 15210 2752 8969

Example 2 Formulation and Extrusion

The following formulation was used:

-   -   81.70% Borealis WB140HMS primary polypropylene    -   0.25% Amco A18035 PPRO talc filled concentrate    -   2% Ampacet 102823 Process Aid PE MB linear low density        polyethylene slip agent    -   0.05% Hydrocerol CF-40E chemical foaming agent    -   1% Colortech 11933-19 colorant    -   15% Braskem F020HC high crystallinity homopolymer polypropylene    -   3.4 lbs/hour of CO₂ was introduced into the molten resin.    -   Density of the sheet formed ranged from 0.155-0.182 g/cc

The formulation was added to an extruder hopper. The extruder heated theformulation to form a molten resin mixture. To this mixture was addedthe CO₂ to expand the resin and reduce density. The mixture thus formedwas extruded through a die head into a strip. The strip was then cut andformed into a cup. Example 2—Test Results

Rigidity

Test Method

The test method is the same as described for rigidity testing in Example1.

Test Results

The rigidity test results are shown in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 unlidded/filled 200° F. lidded/filled 200° F. Rigidities (kg's)Rigidities (kg's) 90°from 90°from Gram Wall Sample# Seam Seam AverageSeam Seam Average Weights Thickness B1 0.354 0.380 0.367 0.470 0.5280.499 12.6 0.0744 B2 0.426 0.464 0.445 0.598 0.610 0.604 13.0 B3 0.5260.494 0.510 0.628 0.618 0.623 12.4 B4 0.592 0.566 0.579 0.740 0.7460.743 13.2 0.475 0.617 12.80 Density 0.1817

Insulation

Test Method—Wall Temperature

A cup formed from the formulation noted above was used having a densityof 0.18 g/cm³ and a wall thickness of 0.074 inches (1.8796 mm). A hotliquid at 200° F. (93.3° C.) was placed in the cup.

Test Results

The temperature measured on the outside wall of the cup was about 151°F. (66.1° C.), i.e., a 49.0° F. (27.2° C.) drop. The maximum temperatureover a five-minute period was observed to peak at 151° F. (66.1° C.).

Insulation testing in the form of thermal conductivity was done.

Thermal Conductivity

Test Method

This test measures bulk thermal conductivity (W/m-K), measured atambient temperature and at 93° C. A ThermTest TPS 2500 S ThermalConstants Analyzer instrument was used, employing the test method ofISO/DIS 22007-2.2 and using the Low Density/High Insulating option. TheTPS sensor #5501 (6.403 mm radius) with Kapton® insulation was used forall measurements. A 20 second test was done, using 0.02 Watts power.Data using points 100-200 were reported.

Test Results

The test results are shown in Table 11 below.

TABLE 11 Mean Thermal Conductivity Results Mean Thermal ConductivityStandard Deviation Temp. (° C.) (W/m-K) (W/m-K) 21 0.05792 0.00005 930.06680 0.00025

For the purposes of non-limiting illustration only, a cup is describedin the exemplary embodiments; however, the container may be embodied inany of a variety of possible vessel shapes or structures or for avariety of applications, such as, but not limited to, a conventionalbeverage cup, storage container, bottle, or the like. For the purpose ofnonlimiting illustration only, a liquid beverage will be used as thematerial which can be contained by the container; however, a containerin accordance with the present disclosure may hold liquids, solids,gels, combinations thereof, food, or other material.

A method of forming a vessel in accordance with the present disclosuremay include the steps of forming a blank for a side wall of the vessel,heating first and second portions of the blank, wrapping the blank suchthat the first and second portions overlap, and compressing theoverlapped portions while they are heated to secure the first and secondportions to form a side wall. The blank may include an insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material having a non-uniform densitywith areas of higher density formed in the blank to define depressionsin the blank.

In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel may include thesteps of forming a floor blank for a floor of the vessel and placing thefloor blank adjacent a first end of the elongated wall, securing thefloor blank to the side wall, heating the floor blank prior to securingthe floor blank to the side wall, and heating a portion of the side wallwhich contacts the floor blank prior to securing the floor blank to theside wall. In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel mayinclude the step of applying pressure to the floor blank and the portionof the side wall to secure the portion of the elongated wall with thefloor blank.

In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel may include the stepof displacing a portion of the side wall that engages the floor blank towrap the portion of the side wall around a portion of the floor blank.In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel may include the stepof compressing a portion of the side wall to increase the localizeddensity of the compressed portion to define a fold line about which thedisplaced portion of the side wall is displaced.

In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel may include thesteps of heating the entire blank for a side wall to anneal the blankand allowing the blank to cool before heating first and second portionsof the blank. In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel mayinclude the steps of forming a composite including an insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material, and at least one polymericfilm adhered to the insulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material,and forming the blank for the elongated wall of the vessel from thecomposite.

In some embodiments, the at least one polymeric film may includebiaxially oriented polypropylene. In some embodiments, the method offorming a vessel may include the step of heating composite prior toforming the blank for a side wall to release stresses in the biaxiallyoriented polypropylene film. In some embodiments, the method of forminga vessel may include the step of applying adhesive to the floor blankprior to securing the blank to the side wall.

In some embodiments, the method of forming a vessel may include thesteps of applying adhesive to a portion of the elongated wall whichcontacts the floor blank prior to securing the floor blank to theelongated wall, applying pressure to the floor blank and the portion ofthe side wall to secure the portion of the elongated wall with the floorblank, displacing a portion of the elongated wall that engages the floorblank to wrap the portion of the elongated wall around a portion of thefloor blank, and compressing a portion of the elongated wall to increasethe localized density of the compressed portion to define a fold lineabout which the displaced portion of the elongated wall is displaced.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made without departing from thescope or spirit. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice disclosedherein. It is intended that the specification and examples be consideredas exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing inventive concepts.

1. A method of producing a sheet for use in forming an insulative cup,the method comprising the steps of providing a strip of insulativecellular non-aromatic polymeric material, providing a film having afirst side arranged to face away from the strip and an opposite secondside arranged to face toward the strip, printing an ink layer on one ofthe first and second sides of the film to provide a printed film,laminating the printed film to the strip to form a sheet, cutting thesheet to form a body blank having a printed side and an oppositeunprinted side, providing a floor blank having a printed side and anopposite unprinted side, compressing portions of the body blank to causethe body blank to include a first portion having a first density and asecond portion having a relatively greater second density, forming abase from the body blank by coupling a portion of the printed side ofthe body blank to a portion of the unprinted side of the body blank, thebase including a first end and an opposite second end, forming a floorfrom the floor blank, and joining the floor to the second end of thebase to establish a body that is formed to include an interior regiondefined by the floor and the base and to orient the floor relative tothe body to cause the unprinted side of the floor blank to face towardthe interior region and the printed side of the floor blank to face awayfrom the interior region to establish the insulative cup, wherein thesecond portion of the body blank is the portion of the printed side ofthe body blank that is coupled to the portion of the unprinted side ofthe body blank and wherein the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material is located between the ink layer and the interiorregion of the insulative cup and the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material comprises a polypropylene base resin having a highmelt strength, a polypropylene homopolymer resin, at least onenucleation agent, and at least one blowing agent configured to expandthe resins to reduce density.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the inklayer is printed on the second side of the film during the printingstep.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink layer is printed on thefirst side of the film during the printing step.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the laminating step further comprises the steps of applyingan adhesive to the printed film to form a skin and locating the adhesivebetween the ink layer and the strip of insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the printing stepcomprises the step of using a flexographic process to print the inklayer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the flexographically printingstep comprises printing one or more colors of ink.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising the step of selecting an ultraviolet curingink and using the ultraviolet curing ink during the printing step. 8.The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of selecting anelectron-beam curing ink and using the electron-beam curing ink duringthe printing step.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the printing stepcomprises the step of using a rotogravure process to print the inklayer.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first density is about0.175 g/cm³ and the second density is about 0.350 g/cm³.
 11. The methodof claim 1, wherein the film is biaxially oriented polypropylene. 12.The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one blowing agent comprisescarbon dioxide.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypropylenebase resin comprises broadly distributed molecular weight polypropylenecharacterized by a distribution that is unimodal.
 14. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the polypropylene base resin further includes apolypropylene copolymer resin.
 15. A method of producing a sheet for usein forming an insulative cup, the method comprising the steps ofproviding a strip of insulative cellular non-aromatic polymericmaterial, providing a film having a first side arranged to face awayfrom the strip and an opposite second side arranged to face toward thestrip, and laminating the film to the strip to form a sheet, wherein theinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material comprises apolypropylene base resin having a high melt strength, a polypropylenehomopolymer resin, at least one nucleation agent, and at least oneblowing agent configured to expand the resins to reduce density.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising the steps of printing an inklayer on one of the first and second sides of the film, cutting thesheet to form a body blank having a printed side and an oppositeunprinted side, providing a floor blank having a printed side and anopposite unprinted side, compressing portions of the body blank to causethe body blank to include a first portion having a first density and asecond portion having a relatively greater second density, forming abase from the body blank by coupling a portion of the printed side ofthe body blank to a portion of the unprinted side of the body blank, thebase including a first end and an opposite second end, forming a floorfrom the floor blank, and joining the floor to the second end of thebase to establish a body that is formed to include an interior regiondefined by the floor and the base and to orient the floor relative tothe body to cause the unprinted side of the floor blank to face towardthe interior region and the printed side of the floor blank to face awayfrom the interior region to establish the insulative cup, wherein thesecond portion of the body blank is the portion of the printed side ofthe body blank that is coupled to the portion of the unprinted side ofthe body blank and wherein the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material is located between the ink layer and the interiorregion of the insulative cup.
 17. An insulative cup comprising acontainer formed to include an interior region bounded by a side walland a floor, wherein the side wall includes an inner surface and anouter surface and the container comprises an insulative cellularnon-aromatic polymeric material, a film having an inner surface coupledto the side wall of the container, wherein the outer surface of the sidewall comprises a plurality of cells having an average width in a firstdirection in a range of less than about 1.0 millimeter, an averageheight in the first direction in a range of less than about 0.30millimeters, and an ink layer comprising relatively high resolutiongraphics printed on the inner surface of the film.
 18. The insulativecup of claim 17, wherein the plurality of cells further comprise anaverage width in a second direction of about 0.50 millimeters and anaverage height in the second direction in a range of less than about0.30 millimeters.
 19. The insulative cup of claim 18, wherein theinsulative cellular non-aromatic polymeric material comprises apolypropylene base resin having a high melt strength, a polypropylenehomopolymer resin, at least one nucleation agent, and at least oneblowing agent configured to expand the resins to reduce density.
 20. Theinsulative cup of claim 18, wherein the insulative cellular non-aromaticpolymeric material comprises a polypropylene base resin having a highmelt strength, a polypropylene copolymer resin, at least one nucleationagent, and at least one blowing agent configured to expand the resins toreduce density.